Topologicalinsulatorsandsuperconductorsareaclassofquantummaterialsthatexhibituniqueelectronicpropertiesduetotheirnontrivialtopologicalorder.Thesematerialsarecharacterizedbyinsulatingorsuperconductingbulkstates,whiletheirsurfacesoredgeshostrobustconductingstatesprotectedbysymmetryandtopology.Thesurfacestatesoftopologicalinsulatorsaregaplessandexhibitspin-momentumlocking,makingthempromisingforapplicationsinspintronicsandquantumcomputing.Similarly,topologicalsuperconductorssupportMajoranafermionsattheirboundaries,whichareofgreatinterestforfault-tolerantquantumcomputation.Thestudyofthesematerialshasopenednewavenuesincondensedmatterphysics,bridgingfundamentalconceptsoftopologywithpracticalmaterialdesignanddeviceengineering.
